Society & Sustainability (S&S) [ISSN 2690-6767] is an international, open-access scholarly journal published annually in looseleaf format. All manuscripts submitted to the journal pass through a double-blind peer-review process. S&S is a multidisciplinary journal that covers a wide range of topics under the general purview of sociology, economy, and business. Following are the indexing platforms of the Journal: Google Scholar: Each article will be visible in the Google Scholar account within 2-5 days of publication Crossref: Each article is assigned with a Doi from Crossref CORE [UK] PKP Index [Canada] WorldCat [USA] BASE [Denmark] Directory of Research Journals Indexing [DRJI] ResearchBib Please register/login and submit your article. If you face any issues with online submission, you may send your article to riieditor1971@gmail.com
Unlocking Growth Potential in Bangladesh’s Aviation Sector
The aviation industry in Bangladesh is one of the fastest-growing sectors and is very important for trade, tourism, connectivity, and the country's overall economic growth. Sustained economic growth, a rising middle class, and growing demand for travel both within and outside the country are driving the industry's rapid expansion. Additionally, ongoing development activities, including the adoption of digital technologies to enhance services, are transforming both domestic and international airports into modern facilities. Most importantly, Bangladesh’s geographic position is significant, opening new opportunities for the country. This study aims to assess how the aviation sector in Bangladesh is creating new opportunities and to offer recommendations for integrating into this field to further improve it. In addition to secondary data, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with aviation experts to articulate recommendations. The study found that the Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh (CAAB) is working to improve the aviation sector by implementing initiatives at airports and through policy. The findings are intended to contribute to academic discourse, policy planning, and industry practices to capture the full potential of this critical sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Society & Sustainability http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Beyond Human Rights: Assessing the Economic and Social Consequences of the Special Powers Act 1974 on Hoarding, Black Market, and Smuggling Activities in Bangladesh
The Special Powers Act of 1974 (hereinafter, the SPA) (ACT NO. XIV OF 1974) was enacted with several objectives, including implementing special measures to prevent certain harmful activities, facilitating speedy trials, and ensuring effective punishment for serious offenses. This study evaluates the effectiveness of this legal framework as a preventive measure against economic crimes in Bangladesh. While there are many economic crimes globally, such as money laundering, hoarding, black markets, and smuggling. This study specifically focuses on the effectiveness of the SPA, 1974, in curbing smuggling, hoarding, and black-market activities in Bangladesh. Additionally, the study highlights various shortcomings of the legal framework, identified through a critical review of the Act and interviews with various stakeholders. This study implements a legal doctrinal research technique that combines case studies and semi-structured interviews to evaluate the economic and social consequences of the SPA, 1974, in Bangladesh. The findings indicate that the SPA, 1974, fails to deter financial fraud, mainly due to inadequate enforcement, legal ambiguity, and institutional limitations, resulting in a considerable economic and social impact. This study proposes legal amendments that comply with human rights standards and recommends that law enforcement agencies prevent such conduct to foster sustainable economic development in Bangladesh.
Civilian Authorities and the Maintenance of Public Order in Cameroon
This paper examines the role of civilian authorities in maintaining public order in Cameroon. The officers charged with ensuring the state's security derive their powers and prerogatives from the legal texts adopted by various political regimes during the French colonial and post-colonial periods. The diversity of actors and the extent of the powers they exercised in the domain of public order were greatly influenced by socio-economic and political events that most often threatened the state's security. Using the qualitative case study design, data from interviews with 26 actors and experts in the field, relevant documents, and observations were integrated and analyzed, enabling the researcher to provide comprehensive and practical analyses of public order in Cameroon. The findings of this paper reveal that while political authorities principally maintained public order through policy formulation and orientation, administrative authorities who had received specific training in the domain from specialized training institutions such as the National School of Administration and Magistracy (NSAM) often found themselves caught between the difficult choice of strictly implementing the law or a highly politicized version of public order that was often void of the independence required to sustainably address grievances and restore lasting peace. Similarly, traditional authorities in Cameroon were endowed by customary law with the competence of maintaining public order in their respective chiefdoms and villages. However, the increased involvement of these hitherto neutral traditional rulers in party politics has further complicated their role in maintaining public order, as many have been accused of being stooges of particular political regimes.
Human Capital, Material Capital, and Social Capital as the Factors of Socioeconomic Status
Traditionally, social behavior has been explained separately in terms of human capital, material capital, and social capital as components of Socioeconomic Status (SES). However, these simple linear regression models very often show negligible or weak explanatory power. Recent studies suggest that integrating human capital, material capital, and social capital within SES (the CAPSES model) offers more explanatory power in predicting social behavior. This study aims to apply the integrated CAPSES model, which underpins sociological perspectives, empirical evidence, and explanatory power, in the context of social scientific research. For this purpose, the study examines whether the triangulation of the CAPSES model, based on three sociological perspectives, can contribute to increased explanatory power in the context of the poverty reduction index among the Rohingya population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The study findings, based on 385 respondents, reveal that the explanatory power of the model based solely on human capital (R² = 0.493) or the model based on human capital and material capital (R² = 0.673) is less than that of the integrated CAPSES model (R² = 0.754). The study hence recommends that social researchers apply the integrated CAPSES model for a better understanding of social phenomena (e.g., poverty reduction index, health-seeking behavior).
Copyright (c) 2025 Society & Sustainability http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This study does a bibliometric analysis of research trends in corporate governance and sustainability, investigating the thematic evolution, intellectual framework, and prospective orientations of this interdisciplinary domain. Analysis of Scopus data (1994–2025) indicates a substantial rise in academic output, propelled by the increasing incorporation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks in business decision-making. Prominent themes encompass sustainability reporting, stakeholder engagement, board diversity, and the use of digital technology in governance. The results underscore the congruence of corporate governance studies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). The study highlights deficiencies in the literature, including the necessity for further investigation into digital governance, AI-driven sustainability analytics, and the circular economy. Theoretical implications encompass the progression of stakeholder theory and agency theory about sustainability, whilst practical consequences emphasize the formulation of governance frameworks that improve transparency, accountability, and resilience. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, highlighting the significance of inclusive governance models, international collaborations, and the incorporation of emerging technology to tackle intricate sustainability issues.
Effect of Internally Generated Income and Government Subvention on the Financial Sustainability in State Universities in Cameroon
This paper investigates the effects of Internally Generated Income (IGI) and government subsidies on the financial sustainability of state universities in Cameroon. The study adopted a mixed research design. The study employed a quantitative research design, utilizing survey data collected through a structured questionnaire. The target population comprised representatives of schools and faculties in state universities. A random sampling technique was adopted to ensure that every school or faculty had an equal chance of being selected, thereby enhancing the representativeness of the sample. The sample size was conveniently determined based on the number of institutions to ensure statistical reliability and validity. The collected data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from ordinary least squares revealed a significant role of government subvention in promoting the university's financial sustainability, as evidenced by the positive significant relationship and government funding in this model. Conversely, Internally Generated Income (IGI) showed a statistically insignificant and negative relationship with financial sustainability. From a policy perspective, given the significant impact of government subsidies on financial sustainability, the university should prioritize advocacy efforts to secure stable and predictable government funding. The insignificant role of IGI in the current model suggested the need for a reassessment of income-generating activities. Universities should diversify their IGI sources by exploring innovative revenue streams such as short-term certificate programs, research commercialization, partnerships with industry, and leasing university assets.
Understanding Cybersecurity Awareness Among Students in Bangladesh
Cybersecurity awareness is essential in the digital era, especially for university students, who are extensively engaged online and often vulnerable to cyber threats. Everyone now depends on the cyber world, increasing the space for cybercrime. Cybercrime is evolving into a severe issue in today’s scenario. Cybercriminals use numerous tricks to cheat people. The cyber world has become a forte for everyone, from the government sector to people in business, school students to university students, and teenagers to adults. This kind of crime is alarmingly increasing in Bangladesh. A glomming threat has already been noted to exist in information technology. The primary purpose of this study was to explore how students keep sufficient knowledge about cybercrime to protect themselves from any unwanted situation. Primary data was collected through interviews, while secondary data was obtained by reviewing various reports, articles, and newspapers. Purposive sampling was employed to gather primary data from a diverse group of university students. Here, SPSS Version 24 has been utilized for data analysis. The study revealed mixed awareness and compliance among stakeholders in password management, browser security, and social media use, highlighting the need for better cybersecurity education. The study underscores the need for improved cybersecurity education to protect university students from growing cyber threats due to their limited awareness and risky online practices.
The Effect of Work-Family Conflict on Business Sustainability in Micro and Small Enterprises in Bamenda
This study investigates the effect of work-family conflict on business sustainability in husband-wife (Copreneurs) owned micro and small enterprises in Bamenda, Cameroon. The study utilized a mixed methods research design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study used a causal research design to test for causality. The quantitative research component involves collecting numerical data through surveys or questionnaires administered to a sample of Copreneurs. The target population of this study was selected businesses that are co-managed by both spouses in Bamenda city, and a sample of 330 Copreneurs was obtained through stratified random sampling. Data was analyzed using ordinary least squares analysis. The analysis reveals a positive relationship between the overall work-family conflict index and business sustainability. However, this relationship is statistically insignificant. Specifically, a unit increase in the work-family conflict index correlates with a 0.11-point increase in business sustainability. In contrast, the work time commitment has a significant negative effect on sustainability, with a coefficient of -0.412, indicating that an increase in work time commitment by Copreneurs leads to a 0.41-point decrease in sustainability. Conversely, role overload demonstrates a significant positive relationship with business sustainability, where a one-point increase in role overload results in a 0.745-point enhancement in sustainability. The study implies that business leaders should acknowledge the dual nature of work-family conflict and its components. Organizations should implement policies that promote work-life balance, such as flexible work schedules and family-friendly practices, to mitigate the negative effects of Work Time Commitment on sustainability initiatives. Training programs focused on time management and prioritization could also equip employees with the skills to balance work demands and sustainability goals effectively.
The Armenian Azerbaijani dispute, a 100-year-old conflict, has resurfaced in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, a region with a majority Armenian population. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict began after Russia's 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, with Azerbaijanis and Armenians fighting for sovereignty over Nagorno-Karabakh. After the USSR's dissolution in 1991, the conflict resulted in 20,000 deaths and over 1 million displaced persons. This paper examines the historical background of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, a region with a majority Armenian population. It also analyzes the reasons behind the escalation of the conflict in 2020 and Turkey's role in supporting Azerbaijan. The study employs a descriptive secondary data analysis approach, reviewing various reports, journals, articles, and research papers. The findings reveal that the conflict stems from historical ethnic tensions and territorial disputes. Azerbaijan's military advantage due to increased energy resources, Turkey's political and military support, and the withdrawal of the United States from the region all contributed to the recent escalation. The war resulted in casualties on both sides and caused economic damage. Turkey aims to expand its influence in the area by supporting Azerbaijan. The paper concludes that the conflict will unlikely be resolved soon due to the complex geopolitical interests involved.
Navigating Challenges of Bangladesh-Myanmar Border Management and Its Strategic Solutions
Bangladesh faces multifaceted challenges in managing its border with Myanmar, ranging from informal trade to cross-border crime. The Rohingya influx and turmoil inside Myanmar further exacerbate the challenges. The present study aims to explore multidimensional cross-border issues in border management and their consequences for national security, focusing on relevant and strategic solutions for improving Bangladesh-Myanmar land border management. This study employed a qualitative research approach, descriptive in nature, to acquire insight into the complexities of border management. Thematic analysis of different sources has been conducted for this study to identify some crucial challenges of Bangladesh-Myanmar border management, such as informal trade, drug trafficking, turmoil inside Myanmar, Rohingya influx, cross-border crime, infrastructural inadequacy, poverty, etc. Such challenges may create regional instability. Moreover, these pose a significant threat to Bangladesh's socioeconomic, political, and health security. Proactive diplomatic efforts for successful Rohingya repatriation, the development of border infrastructure, the socioeconomic development of the bordering community, and their engagement in the border management process are imperative for a strategic solution to the persistent challenges. Implementing these measures can benefit effective border management and help ensure peace, stability, and cooperation in the Bangladesh-Myanmar border area.
Artificial Intelligence and Public Relations Synergy
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of public relations (PR) has brought a massive change in communication. This paradigm shift is not merely a technological advancement but a fundamental transformation in how public relations practitioners (PRPs) interact with stakeholders to communicate effectively. The study's primary objective was to examine the extent to which PRPs in Bangladesh utilize AI in their routine activities to achieve organizational goals. This research elucidates the current landscape by surveying a diverse sample of PRPs, thereby disclosing the degree to which AI technologies have been incorporated into PR practices. The study revealed that the utilization of AI in the field of PR in a variety of institutions in Bangladesh is less anticipated. Inadequate knowledge was also discovered in the investigation. This research contributes to the ongoing conversation regarding the influence of AI on the future of PR. It offers valuable insights for professionals and organizations that are striving to navigate this transformative journey effectively.
As India approaches its centennial year of independence in 2047, the vision of Viksit Bharat—a developed, inclusive, and equitable nation—requires a paradigm shift in developmental priorities, with human rights as the cornerstone. This paper examines how a rights-based approach can effectively address systemic inequalities and foster sustainable growth, emphasizing the interplay between human rights and critical developmental domains such as education, healthcare, economic equity, and gender justice. The paper’s primary objective is to analyze the current state of human rights in India while identifying actionable strategies to integrate these rights into policy frameworks and governance structures. By bridging the domains of human rights and development, the study provides a comprehensive blueprint for achieving Viksit Bharat 2047. Unlike existing works that address these aspects in isolation, this paper adopts a holistic perspective, linking constitutional principles, global frameworks, and scholarly insights to argue that human rights are both a means and an end to development. The findings underscore the importance of participatory governance, institutional accountability, and inclusive policy-making in realizing a just and equitable society. This study contributes to academic and policy discourse by offering practical recommendations for aligning India’s developmental aspirations with its commitment to human rights. By placing human rights at the center of development, the paper envisions a future where equity, dignity, and justice become lived realities for all citizens of India.
Academic Stress and Students' Mental Health
The mental health of students is an issue of concern worldwide. At the tertiary level, students face several stresses, including academic stress. Frequent changes in curriculum and examination systems put pressure on students’ mental health. In this study, we aim to explore the relationship between mental health and academic stress. The study is conducted on the students of six private universities located in Dhaka and Chattogram. An adopted questionnaire is used to measure the academic stress and mental health of the students. A Google form questionnaire designed in a five-point Likert scale is sent to the students by using convenient sampling techniques. SPSS version 23 is used for statistical analysis. A total of 297 responses are considered for statistical analysis. Multiple Regression Models are used to analyze the data. The study finds a positive significant correlation between four dimensions of academic stress and the mental health of the respondents. The finding provides educational institutions with an insight into creating mechanisms through which actual and potential mental health issues among students can be addressed. The study includes a small sample size and is conducted only on business students of private universities. Further research may be conducted on the students of other disciplines of both public and private universities and a larger sample.
Instilling and Fostering a Sense of Community through Inclusive Security and Development
Community security and development face significant challenges because of many factors like corruption, social divisions, and economic inequality. Such factors impede the building of a cohesive and resilient community through weakening social bonds and mutual trust. This study examines how inclusive security and development can foster a sense of community by enhancing shared interests, peace, and identity. It employs a qualitative research approach depending solely on secondary data. This descriptive research collects data from secondary sources like books, journal articles, newspaper articles, blog writings, and websites. The findings of this study suggest that addressing inclusive security and development together contributes significantly to building stronger community ties, enhanced social cohesion, and a sense of belongingness. It also argues that a safe and cohesive community environment promotes social collaboration and harmony. This paper recommends emphasizing inclusive approaches in the security and development process to ensure equal access to resources and a favorable climate for peaceful coexistence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Society & Sustainability http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of Teachers’ Commitment on School Violence Reduction in Secondary Schools in Cameroon
A learning environment that fosters creativity among students, educators, parents, and other stakeholders to overcome obstacles to better decision-making and teamwork. This paper was set forth to examine the effect of teachers' commitment on school violence reduction in secondary schools in Cameroon. This study employed a quantitative research paradigm using a descriptive survey design to gather data through a structured questionnaire comprising 52 closed-ended items. The target population included secondary school students in Cameroon, with a sample size of 301 students selected via simple random sampling from four regions. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, utilizing the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation technique. The findings revealed that teachers’ commitment exerts a significant negative influence on school violence reduction in sampled secondary schools in Cameroon. Specifically, increased teachers’ commitment significantly reduces physical and psychological violence among students of secondary schools in the country. Based on the findings, it is observed that educational authorities must prioritize comprehensive teacher training programs focused on violence prevention and intervention strategies, supported by adequate resources, clear guidelines, and a supportive work environment that enhances teacher commitment and effectiveness in addressing school violence.
Significance of Social Capital as a Resource for Women's Empowerment
Social capital has been recognized as a route through which empowerment may ensue in a developing nation like Bangladesh. This research investigated the relationship between social capital formation and women's empowerment in Bangladesh. A narrative review was performed to derive conclusions from secondary data for this qualitative study, employing a descriptive research design. Two themes emerged from the findings: the role of social capital in capacity building and the significance of network building as a means of establishing social capital. Firstly, women's participation in social networks increases their likelihood of making strategic decisions regarding themselves and the community. Secondly, women's engagement in self-help projects and credit groups, which are based on women groups, helped them to build their capability in those sectors along with the rise in education and entrepreneurship. However, challenges coming from deeply rooted traditions, conservative religious practices, and family and social values contradict the benefits of social capital women may derive from them. Thus, social capital must be considered for the policies concerning future community development and women's empowerment. This study also provides guidelines for further study with broader scope and systematic studies in the future.
The Implications of Farm Production and Farmers' Characteristics on Poverty Reduction in Benue Division, Cameroon
The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of farm production and Farmers' Characteristics on Poverty Reduction in the Benue division in the Northern region of Cameroon. Data were collected from 399 respondents using a self-administered questionnaire through a stratified sampling technique of 12 sub-divisions in the Benue division. We adopted a survey research design. To estimate our results, we used Multiple correspondent analysis (MCA) and the OLS technique. The results reveal that there is a positive relationship between farm production and poverty reduction in Benue state. An increase in farm production will lead to a 2.19% reduction in farmers' poverty in Benue and this result is significant at a 5% level of significance. Similarly, the farmer's characteristics reveal that gender, farmers' experience, and educational level also significantly affect poverty reduction. In this light, there is a need for the government to train and deploy more extension workers in the various sub-divisions and communities in Benue division, to increase farmers' access to these services. This can be done by imparting specific skills to produce dominant food crops and livestock in the Benue division through workshops and seminars.
Cross Border Security Challenges for Bangladesh
This study aims to explore the challenges of cross-border security in Bangladesh. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study gathers insights from diverse stakeholders, including security forces, analysts, human rights activists, NGO workers, and journalists. Based on thematic analysis, the findings revealed a significant disconnect between the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) and local communities, exacerbated by bureaucratic challenges and poor coordination among governmental bodies. The vulnerability of hilly border regions to illicit activities, such as insurgency and smuggling, is heightened by inadequate placement and density of Border Outposts (BOPs). Historical and cultural ties influence border dynamics, complicating security efforts. The BGB faces infrastructure and resource challenges, further hampering effective border management. Extreme poverty and lack of education in border communities drive individuals towards smuggling and make them susceptible to human trafficking. Cross-border criminal activities, including drug and arms trafficking, pose significant threats. Additionally, the influx of Rohingya refugees has led to the control of refugee camps by armed groups, creating further security concerns. This research's originality lies in its thematic analysis application to systematically explore and address the multifaceted cross-border security challenges in Bangladesh.
Female Learners’ Language Anxiety in English Language Classroom at Tertiary Level in Bangladesh
Since the mid-20th century, anxiety has been identified as one of the debilitating factors for the success of second language acquisition (SLA) when researchers focus on the role of affective filters, namely motivation and personality factors, in enhancing learners’ cognitive capacities. This study focuses on the speech anxiety of female students in English language classrooms at the tertiary level in Bangladesh. This qualitative research used semi-structured interview techniques to investigate the individual perception of second language learners towards their speaking skills performance in the classroom or social settings. The sample size was 20 female respondents selected from two private universities in Bangladesh through purposive sampling. In order to investigate the learners' anxiety and the related factors behind anxiety systematically, an interview profile has been made where 20 sub-questions are framed under the associated themes of research questions. The findings of this research show not only their views on learners' anxiety but also a wide range of sociocultural and pedagogical factors that demotivate them from speaking in English in the broader social context. It further focuses on the role of the education system of Bangladesh in facilitating the teaching and learning of English speaking at the tertiary level properly. Finally, this study provides insight into the field of SLA showing some pathways to mitigate the speech anxiety of female learners at tertiary levels.
Exploring Journalists’ Intentions Towards Digital Mobile Technologies
In recent years, the use of digital mobile technologies for journalistic practice has gained much popularity among Ghanaian journalists. In this study, we explored three original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) variables (perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and social influence) and two additional variables, (the cost of smartphones, and the cost of mobile data) to predict the relationship between the five variables, and journalists’ intention to use Digital Mobile Technologies (DMTs). A structured questionnaire was used to solicit data from 281 Ghanaian frontline journalists through an online survey. The respondents were selected by purposive sampling. Structural Equation Modelling analysis of the data showed that, as the cost of smartphones, and the cost of mobile data increases, journalists’ intention to use technology decreases in Ghana. Thus, mobile data and the cost of smartphones had a negative relationship with journalists’ intention to use DMTs. The testing of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and social influence, however, reported a positive relationship with the use intention. The findings from this study have implications for policy change on the reduction of the prices of both mobile data and smartphones to enhance the use of DMTs among journalists in Ghana. Also, the findings from this study could be considered a template for the proper regulation of the use of DMTs for enhanced practice of journalism in Ghana and other developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2023 Society & Sustainability http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of Sustainable Tourism in Preserving Cultural Heritage of Afghanistan
This comprehensive review investigates the role of sustainable tourism in preserving Afghanistan's cultural heritage, given its rich tapestry of traditions, historical sites, and archaeological treasures. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential of sustainable tourism practices to mitigate the challenges faced by Afghanistan's cultural heritage due to decades of conflict and instability while promoting economic development and community engagement. The study employs a systematic analysis of existing literature, case studies, and best practices from around the world to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of sustainable tourism approaches in the Afghan context. It examines the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable tourism and their impact on the preservation of cultural heritage. The findings reveal that sustainable tourism offers significant economic benefits for Afghanistan, including job creation, income generation, and economic diversification. Additionally, it has the potential to foster social and cultural impacts through cultural exchange, community pride, and the revitalization of traditional crafts and practices. Furthermore, sustainable tourism can address environmental considerations by promoting the sustainable management and protection of natural landscapes, archaeological sites, and cultural monuments. The implications of this study highlight the importance of implementing sustainable tourism practices to preserve Afghanistan's cultural heritage. It provides valuable insights and practical examples from successful initiatives in other countries, offering recommendations for policymakers, tourism practitioners, and cultural heritage management stakeholders.
Addressing Instability in Afghani (Afghan Currency)
The study aims to explore the monetary policy of the Afghanistan Bank, the instability of the Afghan currency, and the causes and strategies for achieving stability for the Afghan currency. A qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth knowledge of the issues. By using a semi-structured interview, the professional participants were selected through the snowball sampling technique. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed through a thematic analysis framework. The study addressed instability in the Afghani currency and its causes including trade imbalance in favor of imports, smuggling of the foreign reserve, lack of foreign aid, lack of control of the natural resources, lack of foreign investment, inefficiency in monetary and fiscal policy, fluctuation in the international market, the influence of mafia groups in the currency exchange market and their fraudulent propaganda. This study also observes the need for developing strategies, and policies for achieving currency stability, like increasing the balance of exports as compared to imports, preventing the smuggling of foreign reserves, efforts to obtain foreign aid, ensuring political stability, ensuring a congenial environment for internal and external investors, efficient and effective control on monetary and fiscal policy, and preventing mafia groups and their fraudulent propaganda in the currency exchange Markets. The study findings have significant implications for the policymakers to ensure the stability of the Afghan Currency.
The study examined the digital diplomacy practices of three diplomatic actors, namely the US, the UK, and China, in Kenya. To understand how these actors communicate their messages digitally, the study conducted a content analysis of their X tweets, hashtags, hyperlinks, and visuals. Additionally, the study analyzed the tweet impressions section of the posts to gain insight into individual tweet performance, engagement, followers, and following details. These components are crucial in understanding the digital diplomacy practices of the actors. The results showed that the diplomatic actors prioritized following other diplomatic actors, heads of state, online influencers, organizations, projects, and companies of interest, rather than the local Kenyan digital public. The study also found that the preferred topics of the diplomatic actors were tourism, politics, culture, education, and economic development, among others. The reasons for prioritizing certain actors and topics were to monitor activities, protect interests, push foreign policies, expand networks, counter misinformation, and protect image abroad. The findings are presented in the form of a network analysis of tweets to show the communication strategies adopted by the diplomatic actors to influence or exert power over their followers on X.
Impact of Globalization on Human Rights in Developing Countries
This study focuses on the complex interaction between globalization and human rights. The study uses a multifaceted approach to analyze the possible overlaps and conflicts between globalization and human rights to find ways to lessen negative effects and maximize good ones. The research intends to identify the gaps and possibilities of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by looking at the particular difficulties encountered by developing countries. The study reveals the intricate interactions between globalization and human rights using data from several case studies as well as a thorough examination of the literature. It identifies several significant impact areas, such as labor rights, access to healthcare and education, environmental sustainability, gender equality, and the defense of indigenous peoples' rights. Additionally, the study evaluates how governments, civil society, international organizations, and other stakeholders are addressing the adverse effects of globalization on human rights and sustainable development. The paper unleashes mitigating factors and emphasizes the obligations of the many UN stakeholders to defend human rights and assist in the achievement of the SDGs. By resolving these issues, developing nations may more effectively take advantage of globalization's potential advantages while defending human rights and pursuing sustainable development objectives within the SDG framework. One of the key limitations of this paper is the lack of access to achieving primary data and the generalization of the concept itself. The impact of globalization has a deeper and specific scope of discussion.
Influence of Working from Home Culture on the Effectiveness of Virtual Onboarding of New Employees
The COVID-19 pandemic remains a global disaster with extraordinary consequences for corporations and their people. The stresses of working from home during a pandemic are heightened for newbies entering new occupations and organizations. To address the issues concerning the rapid adoption of virtual onboarding in employment relations and human resource management practices, the paper seeks to determine whether there is a positive relationship between online orientation and training and holistic support with virtual onboarding in the context of multinational companies operating in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey of 110 individuals of diverse profiles from various multinational companies (MNCs) in Bangladesh is undertaken using Google Forms. The data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0. It was discovered that online orientation, online training, and holistic support play an important part in carrying out a successful virtual onboarding process for newcomers working from home. It was also found that having a strong relationship with peers, and senior coworkers is a key aspect of obtaining the assistance that new employees require in the workplace as they start. It is expected that the managers in the MNCs may regain workers' trust by strengthening their virtual or onboarding operations as a whole. The frameworks offered can guide managers in better responding to employees' needs. The successful use of virtual onboarding among the MNCs in Bangladesh is a little-explored research domain. The study findings address the gap by highlighting its effectiveness and encouraging the implication of virtual onboarding of the employees working from home in the MNCs. The study does not rule out the potential of other factors influencing virtual onboarding effectiveness, nor focus on any particular professional groups. The online survey makes it difficult to provide information on the sample's representativeness. Further research and inquiry are required to confirm the findings.
Organizational justice and quality of work life in hotels: The mediating effect of trust climate
The study aimed to investigate the impact of hotels' organizational justice (OJ) on the quality of employees' work life (QWL), with the mediation effect of teams' climate of trust (CT). Social Exchange Theory was employed to support the research framework. Data were collected using 281 questionnaires from the operational employees of 3-star hotels in Bangladesh and assessed by SPSS version 21 and SmartPLS 3.0 software. Data were validated by a measurement model and hypotheses were tested by a structural model using the PLS-SEM approach. The study discovered significant effects of hotels’ organizational justice (β=0.271) and team’s climate of trust (β=0.362) on employees’ quality of work life (R2=27.7%). It also reveals the effect of the hotel's OJ (β=0.369) on teams’ CT (R2=13.6%), and a partial mediation effect of team's CT (β=0.134) in the relationship between the hotel's OJ and employees' QWL. Results indicate that hotels' organizational justice practices enrich employees' quality of work life and nurture mutual trust among the team members, while a team's climate of trust can convert hotels' organizational justice into employees' quality of work life. These findings would inspire the hotel authorities in practicing organizational justice to develop a trusting climate in the working teams, and designing QWL programs for attaining employee satisfaction. The study was limited to the Bangladesh hotel industry which restricts the generalizability of its results.
Participation in Sports Betting and Youth Welfare Nexus
This paper seeks to establish the nexus between sports betting participation and youth welfare in Kenya. The focus of the study is the youth based in the Kajiado North constituency which has the highest youth population within the Nairobi metropolitan statistical area. There are 9 universities around the region. The study sample size is 341. Endogenous switching regression estimation is adopted to determine the association between sports betting participation and youth welfare. From the regression analysis, this study obtains a significant and negative coefficient of -1.4971 relating to sports betting and youth welfare. This suggests that sports betting negatively affects youths' overall welfare in a 1.49 percent greater manner than those who abstain from it. It is important to address the factors that lead the youth to participate in sports betting, particularly control of commercials by making it mandatory that they issue disclaimers that doing so may worsen one's welfare. It is also essential to properly educate young people on financial management in order that they may channel their money toward worthwhile endeavors rather than sports betting.
Copyright (c) 2022 Society & Sustainability http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Abolition of Capital Punishment in India
This article is concerned with the penological perspective of capital punishment in India. It critically examines the contentious views of honorable courts, policymakers, commentators, human rights activists, and the Law Commission of India on whether capital punishment should be abolished or retained as earlier or whether there should be some alternative to it as it is practiced in other nations. In so doing, It has analyzed the penal provisions of different enactments provided in favor of Capital Punishment in India, including a critical examination of the lacuna in the enforcement and implementation of the death penalty. This article has referred to the contradictory landmark judgments of the hon'ble Courts of India. This article reviews the suggestions made by the Law Commission of India in its 262nd Reports to determine whether legislators have considered them for future adoption. It has also discussed the theories advocating capital punishment as well as systems of capital punishment in other countries.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Learning: Assessing Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Skills
The acquisition of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills is highly important for successful learning outcomes. This article aims to evaluate the Three-Domain Model (TDM) of learning (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) during the COVID-19 online classes for tertiary students in Bangladesh. This current study aims at the psychometric evaluation and validation of tertiary students' learning loss during the pandemic. A survey questionnaire is administered using the Likert scale. The components of the questionnaire are based on the Three-Domain Model reflecting the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills of the students. The article informs of the learning loss due to the pandemic while suggesting the benefits of online classes. The major finding of the article is that learners lost their skills mainly related to the cognitive domain during the pandemic due to online classes. However, at the same time, their skills related to affective and psychomotor domains increased. Therefore, recommendations for minimizing learning loss are also provided to guide future empirical work in the post-pandemic era.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Rights of Informal Workers in Bangladesh
COVID-19 is a devastating global crisis leading to unprecedented challenges in public health, food systems, the workforce, etc. The calamity has aggravated the situation for informal workers by putting them at risk of economic fallout. The informal workers remain exceptionally vulnerable as their livelihood depends on in-person daily labor. As the pandemic unfolds worldwide, informal workers face tremendous socio-economic challenges and health-related vulnerabilities. This research sheds light on this terrain to explore the impact of COVID-19 on informal workers in Bangladesh from a socio-economic perspective. At the same time, it also analyzes the legal aspects from a critical point of view. It employs a qualitative research methodology. Primary data were collected through 30 in-depth interviews with informal laborers such as taxi-driver, street vendors, domestic workers, hotel and restaurant stewards, and private tuition providers. Ten key informant interviews were conducted with trade union leaders, relevant practitioners, and researchers. It finds that informal workers face diverse challenges, such as the inability to manage family expenditure, drop-out of their children from education, lack of information on health protection, internal migration, etc. It also reveals a significant policy implementation gap in crisis management by analyzing fiscal and monetary policy, non-therapeutic measures, and social safety programs.